Systems Biology
Systems Biology Systems biology adopting integrative omics approaches aims to understand the biology of complex diseases in a holistic framework. Rapid development of omics techniques like genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, lipidomics and so on, along with computational/bioinformatics methods and tools is advancing our understanding of biological systems in exquisite molecular details. Multi-omics and integrative approaches are increasingly being used to study biological systems in health and to unearth hitherto unknown molecular players in many complex genetic diseases including: human microbiome infection and immunological diseases, host-pathogen interactions, as well as metabolic disorders like diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Combining the power of... Read More
Hypovolemic shock is a 
Cardiothoracic surgery (also known as thoracic surgery) is the field of medicine involved in surgical treatment of organs inside the thorax (the chest)—generally treatment of conditions of the heart (heart disease) and lungs (lung disease). In most countries, cardiac surgery (involving the heart and the great vessels) and general thoracic surgery (involving the lungs, esophagus, thymus, etc.) are separate surgical specialties; the exceptions are the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and some EU countries, such as the United Kingdom and Portugal.[1] A cardiac surgery residency typically comprises anywhere from 4 to 6 years (or longer) of training to become a... 
Cancer Cell Biology & Genetics 
Precision Cancer Medicine & Oncology 
Research on Zika Virus Recent outbreaks of Zika virus infections in South and Central America have led to an urgent need for research on the biological mechanisms and consequences of Zika infections. The local transmission of Zika virus has been reported in more than 50 countries and the situation was declared as a public health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organization, especially due to the possible causal link between Zika virus infection during pregnancy and the occurrence of microcephaly and other congenital malformations. In this Research Topic, we encourage the submission of original research reports, methods... 
Biomedical research could protect humans from next pandemic The viruses that cause COVID-19, AIDS, Ebola, and many other infectious diseases were all transmitted from animals to humans. In a new paper, experts are calling for biomedical research to return to the wild to more effectively protect humans from deadly viruses. Scientists from more than 10 universities and institutions have outlined how biomedical research could be refined with a broader dataset of diverse species and their environment. For example, understanding how the immune system works in bats and other animals that carry coronaviruses could be very useful for developing treatments and... 
The interaction between the host and microorganisms in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is poorly understood and is a growing area of interest. More recently, methodologies have been developed to assess the microbiome without the use of culture by analyzing the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene. We reviewed the microbiome literature to better understand the role of microbes in CRS. The development of culture-independent bacterial DNA sequencing techniques and integration into research practice has led to a burgeoning interest in the microbiome and its relevance to human health and disease. Introduction into the study of chronic rhinosinusitis in the past few years has shaped current thinking... 
Microbial ecology (or environmental microbiology) is the ecology of microorganisms: their relationship with one another and with their environment. It concerns the three major domains of life—Eukaryota, Archaea, and Bacteria—as well as viruses. Microorganisms, by their omnipresence, impact the entire biosphere. Microbial life plays a primary role in regulating biogeochemical systems in virtually all of our planet's environments, including some of the most extreme, from frozen environments and acidic lakes, to hydrothermal vents at the bottom of deepest oceans, and some of the most familiar, such as the human small intestine. As a consequence of the quantitative magnitude of microbial life (calculated as 5.0×1030 cells; eight orders of magnitude greater than the number of stars in the observable universe) microbes, by virtue... 
Every machine requires regular maintenance and replacement of old, worn out parts. Most biological tissues routinely replace old cells with new ones. Unlike other tissues, the nervous system–being the most complex biological device found in nature–uniquely maintains most of its neurons throughout life and replaces relatively few. It preserves hotspots where it generates new neurons from resident stem cells during adulthood in a process known as adult neurogenesis, which varies among different species in its features, dynamics and regulation. In spite of its widespread prevalence in the animal kingdom, the preponderance of studies conducted on a few laboratory rodent species... 
Modelling cancer in mice provides important insights about tumor physiology in complicated and dynamic biological systems. Previous efforts to model cancer in the mouse have rend fundamental information on cancer, including the action of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, the biology of tumor-host cell interactions, biomarkers for the responsiveness to chemotherapeutic agents, and its use as drug discovery tools. Moving forward, it seems likely that genetically engineered mice will become more elegant and powerful tools for studying the complex biology of cancer, particularly aspects that can only be examined in the context of an in vivo microenvironment. Furthermore, genetically... 
Immunodermatology studies skin as an organ of immunity in health and disease. Several areas have special attention, such as photo-immunology (effects of UV light on skin defense), inflammatory diseases such as Hidradenitis suppurativa, allergic contact dermatitis and atopic eczema, presumably autoimmune skin diseases such as vitiligo and psoriasis, and finally the immunology of microbial skin diseases such as retrovirus infections and leprosy. New therapies in development for the immunomodulation of common immunological skin diseases include biologicals aimed at neutralizing TNF-alfa and chemokine receptor inhibitors. An immune response is a reaction which occurs within an organism for the purpose of defending... 
Dermatologists practice dermatology, a branch of medicine dealing with the skin, its structure, functions, and diseases. Dermatology is the branch o medicin dealin with the skin, nails, hair and its diseases. It is a specialty with baith medical and surgical aspects. A dermatologist treats diseases, in the widest sense, and some cosmetic problems of the skin, scalp, hair, and nails. A dermatolopathologist is a pathologist or dermatologist who specializes in the pathology of the skin. This field is shared by dermatologists and pathologists. Usually a dermatologist or pathologist will complete one year of dermatopathology fellowship. This usually includes six months... 
The eyes, along with the nose and mouth, are another entry point for the Corona virus into the human body and for this reason health officials have advised against touching the face and frequently washing hands can avoid infection. Laboratory tests with monkeys have shown that a high percentage of infection reaches the body through face, making it an environment requiring special protection. How can your eyes get affected by coronavirus? Coronavirus may spread through your eyes, just as it spreads through your mouth or nose. If someone with coronavirus coughs, sneezes or speaks, virus particles will spray onto... 
Comparison of different models of insulin resistance in T2DM: A cross-sectional study. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes has been increasing rapidly resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. Studies suggest that intensification of glycemic control with insulin significantly decreased the risk of diabetic complications over a period of time. Early intensive insulin therapy in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients might have better recovery and maintenance of β-cell function and longtime diabetic remission. Type 2 diabetes is progressive and that insulin will probably have to be used at some point. Introduction of short-acting insulin has apparently improved postprandial glucose... 
Advancements in Biotechnology will be impossible without Genetics which is dealt with in Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology. Genetic manipulation of CoV sequences is challenging because of the large size (27–32 kbp) of the RNA genomes. However, two approaches have been developed to allow researchers to introduce mutations, deletions, and reporter genes into CoV genomes. These approaches are (1) targeted RNA recombination and (2) reverse genetics using infectious cDNA constructs of CoV. The first approach exploits high-frequency copy-choice recombination to introduce mutations of interest into the 3′ end of the CoV gRNA. It includes targeted RNA recombination; a cDNA clone... 
Schistosomiasis is an acute and chronic parasitic disease caused by blood flukes (trematode worms) of the genus Schistosoma. Estimates show that at least 229 million people required preventive treatment in 2018. Preventive treatment, which should be repeated over a number of years, will reduce and prevent morbidity. Schistosomiasis transmission has been reported from 78 countries. However, preventive chemotherapy for schistosomiasis, where people and communities are targeted for large-scale treatment, is only required in 52 endemic countries with moderate-to-high transmission. Infection and transmission: People become infected when larval forms of the parasite – released by freshwater snails – penetrate the skin during... 
Coronavirus (CoV) which are positive-stranded RNA virus surrounded by an envelope, were first identified during the 1960s by using electron microscopy to visualize the distinctive spike glycoprotein projections on the surface of enveloped virus particles. Coronavirus belong to the family Coronaviridae and are divided into four genera: Alpha-, Beta-, Gamma, and Deltacoronavirus. SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus), are one among the seven identified human coronavirus which are zoonotic in origin; they cause severe respiratory syndrome and are often fatal. Since the beginning of the epidemic in late December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has now spread to all continents. Journal of Biochemistry... 
The occurrence, distribution, and disease incidence of yellow vein mosaic (YVM) disease of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) in northern India are reported. The disease was found in both commercial and experimental farms in the Bahraich district, Uttar Pradesh, India and caused significant reduction in plant height and crop yield. Southern hybridization with begomovirus-specific probe and PCR amplification with DNA β and coat protein primers confirmed the association of begomovirus with the disease. Survey of Virus Diseases and Sample Collection: DNA Isolation- Total plant DNA was isolated from the symptomatic leaves of the collected samples using the CTAB method (10). After... 
The identification of circadian clocks in endocrine tissues has added considerable depth and complexity to our understanding of their physiology. A growing body of research reveals circadian clock gene expression in the uterus of non-pregnant and pregnant mammals. A key study to draw attention to the potential role of the circadian clock and pregnancy was that of Miller et al (2004), who reported that pregnant mice lacking the functional Clock gene (ClockΔ19) had prolonged and non-productive parturition, suggestive of a role for circadian clocks in the parturition event. Nakamura et al. (2010) showed changes in Per2::LUC rhythmic phase and amplitude... 
Every machine requires regular maintenance and replacement of old, worn out parts. Most biological tissues routinely replace old cells with new ones. Unlike other tissues, the nervous system–being the most complex biological device found in nature–uniquely maintains most of its neurons throughout life and replaces relatively few. It preserves hotspots where it generates new neurons from resident stem cells during adulthood in a process known as adult neurogenesis, which varies among different species in its features, dynamics and regulation. In spite of its widespread prevalence in the animal kingdom, the preponderance of studies conducted on a few laboratory rodent... 
Cancer Cell Biology & Genetics 
G-protein-coupled receptors G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are among the largest and most diverse family of proteins in the mammalian genome, which transduce signals as a response to a wide range of stimuli. GPCRs are major targets in drug discovery, as reflected by the fact that they encompass about 50% of current medicinal compounds. In humans, the completed human genome project has led to the identification of over 865 GPCR genes. The diversity of GPCRs is dictated not only by the variety of stimuli that they respond to, but also their participation in various signaling pathways. Their widespread expression, especially... 
An ongoing outbreak of pneumonia associated with a novel 
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 
Research on E. coli E. coli (Escherichia coli), is a type of bacteria that normally lives in your intestines. It’s also found in the gut of some animals. Most types of E. coli are harmless and even help keep your digestive tract healthy. But some strains can cause diarrhea if you eat contaminated food or drink fouled water. While many of us associate E. coli with food poisoning, you can also get pneumonia and urinary tract infections from different types of the bacteria. In fact, 75% to 95% of urinary tract infections are caused by E. coli. Some versions of E.... 
Skin Mechanisms The search for further knowledge on skin functions and mechanisms is at the core of many biomedical and biopharmaceutical research programs today. The extension and complexity of the skin justifies its multiple roles, affecting all physiological processes, far beyond its “barrier” characteristics. More research on skin physiology is needed to better understand various disease mechanisms, and these need not be confined to the skin itself. Skin is also a target for new molecules, supplements, materials and even instruments, with the potential to impact the whole body. Because of its accessibility and relative dimension, it is also a model... 
Biomedical Cluster Growth to add Millions to Scottish Economy Plans to grow the Tay Cities BioMedical cluster of world-class life sciences companies, which could generate hundreds of millions of pounds for the local economy and boost Scotland’s reputation as a centre of excellence, is to be led by the University of Dundee in partnership with NHS Tayside. Earmarked for £25million in initial funding from the Scottish Government through the Tay Cities Deal, new high growth Life Sciences companies will be housed on an Innovation Hub close to the University’s School of Life Sciences at Dundee Technopole, providing high quality... 
Antimicrobial resistance happens when microorganisms (such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites) change when they are exposed to antimicrobial drugs (such as antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, antimalarials, and anthelmintics). Microorganisms that develop antimicrobial resistance are sometimes referred to as “superbugs”. As a result, the medicines become ineffective and infections persist in the body, increasing the risk of spread to others. Why is antimicrobial resistance a global concern? New resistance mechanisms are emerging and spreading globally, threatening our ability to treat common infectious diseases, resulting in prolonged illness, disability, and death. Without effective antimicrobials for prevention and treatment of infections, medical... 
Medically indispensable Microorganisms have a bad reputation. People think they’re bad for our health. When they think of microorganisms, many people think first about fungal infections, cavities, and illnesses like flu, or worse: AIDS and Ebola. But the number of harmful types doesn’t even come close to the number of harmless ones, or the ones that actually support our health. Thanks to microorganisms, we have antibiotics and vaccines, which have allowed us to make great progress. And once again, the medical world is on the brink of a revolution, accelerated by microorganisms. Observing bacteria in a Petri dish ... 
An 
Temperate and boreal forests are crucial ecosystems for regulating global carbon fluxes and providing major societal services. Found at higher latitudes, temperate and boreal forests are particularly susceptible to global-change drivers, such as climate warming. For instance, drought has become a worsening stress factor in temperate and boreal forests, and has consequently reduced productivity and caused forest dieback. Changes in fire regimes are also altering the composition and dynamics of both temperate and boreal forests in America and Eurasia, due to the increase of wildfire, and comparatively the decrease of fire-return interval. These regimes include both fire exclusion from fire... 
Forest genetic resources face a large number of increasing threats. Climate change, air pollution, unsustainable forest management, invasive species, urbanization and forest fragmentation reduce forest biodiversity, may adversely affect genetic diversity and put at threat the future adaptive potential and sustainability of European forests and their ecosystems. Information on relevant changes of a species and/or populations’ adaptive and neutral genetic variation through time caused by management and conservation measures is needed. This information can only be obtained through genetic monitoring, which serves as an early warning system to aid the assessment of a species response to environmental change at a... 
Environmental management methods to control the vector of communicable diseases Since a long time ago, some arthropods have been considered as causing disturbance and fear for humans and other living organisms. Transmission of various pathogens by insects and arthropods and the creation of large epidemics have endangered the lives of thousands of people and resulted in many deaths. These groups of arthropods that hurt and endanger human health are called health pests. Some arthropods develop disease directly in humans or animals; the disease of the scabies is infected by the contact with an infected person or contaminated equipment such as... 
Symptoms and treatment of bacterial infections Bacterial disease, any of a variety of illnesses caused by bacteria. Until the mid-20th century, bacterial pneumonia was probably the leading cause of death among the elderly. Improved sanitation, vaccines, and antibiotics have all decreased the mortality rates from bacterial infections, though antibiotic-resistant strains have caused a resurgence in some illnesses. In the early 21st century, tuberculosis, which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis—several strains of which had developed resistance to one or more drugs widely used to treat the infection—was among the deadliest infectious diseases worldwide. Bacteria cause disease by secreting or excreting... 
The world's population is expected to grow reaching over 9 billion people in 2050. The main consequence of this is that the world will have to produce 70% more food. Livestock production will have to grow rapidly if per capita intake is to be maintained, forcing an increased food/feed output from available agro-ecosystems, resulting in an even greater pressure on the environment. Edible insects contain high quality protein, vitamins and amino acids for humans and animals, as well as a high food conversion rate; besides, they emit less greenhouse gases and ammonia than conventional livestock. Moreover, insects can be grown... 
A recent study shows that a significant number of people who develop coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) may experience serious cardiovascular complications. Moreover, some possible treatments of the respiratory disease could end up harming cardiovascular health. All data and statistics are based on publicly available data at the time of publication. Some information may be out of date. Visit our coronavirus hub and follow our live updates page for the most recent information on the COVID-19 outbreak. As they assessed data from people who received medical care for COVID-19, researchers recently started paying attention to the relationship between the disease and... 
The process of pain perception begins in the periphery by activation of nociceptors. From here nociceptive signals are conveyed via the dorsal horn of the spinal cord to multiple brain regions, where pain is perceived. Despite great progress in pain research in recent years, many questions remain regarding nociceptive circuitry and behaviour, in both acute nociception and chronic pain states. Techniques that allow for selective activation of neuronal subpopulations in vivo can provide a better understanding of these complex pathways. Here we review the studies to date that have employed novel optogenetic tools to improve our understanding of the... 
Destroying fungi or inhibiting their growth : fungicidal, fungistatic. Other Words from antifungal Example Sentences Learn More about antifungal. The use of mushrooms as food is probably as old as civilization itself. Many species of medicinal mushrooms have been used in folk medicine for thousands of years. The use of medicinal mushrooms in folk medicine, is best documented in the East. International mushroom research continues today, with a focus on mushroom's that may have hypoglycemic activity, anti-cancer activity, anti-pathogenic activity, immune system enhancing activity, anti-bacterial and cholesterol lowering agents; additionally, they are important sources of bioactive compounds. As a result of these properties,... 
Chronic pain disproportionately affects older adults, severely impacting quality of life and independent living, with musculoskeletal pain most prevalent. Chronic musculoskeletal pain is associated with specific structural alterations in the brain and interindividual variability in brain structure is likely an important contributor to susceptibility for the development of chronic pain. However, understanding of age-related structural changes in the brain and their associations with chronic musculoskeletal pain is currently limited. Oxytocin (OT), a neuropeptide present in the periphery and central nervous system, has been implicated in pain attenuation. Variation of the endogenous OT system (e.g., OT receptor genotype, blood, saliva, and... 
Electromicrobiology Electromicrobiology is a rapidly evolving multidisciplinary research area dealing with extracellular electron transport (ETC) in various microbes. Microorganisms from different environments have evolved the capacity for extracellular electron exchange, beyond the outer membrane and even through a periplasmic continuum in multicellular bacteria like cable bacteria. This capacity allows them to exchange electrons with one another and to exploit electron acceptors and donors that are distantly located or cannot pass the cell envelope. This Research Topic will capture recent developments in electromicrobiology with particular interest to the diversity of electron transfer mechanisms and their implications in natural ecosystems. We invite... 
Biogas Process Microbiology Biogas is a renewable energy source and a clean alternative to fossil fuels. Biogas generation occurs in natural environments as well as in engineered man-made systems, such as anaerobic digestion processes, and involves a cascade of reactions catalyzed by complex microbial communities. Understanding the microbial interactions and networks in these communities, as well as their microbial diversity and physiology, is pivotal to better control the biogas generation. Advancing our knowledge on biogas microbiology is relevant for renewable energy production and methane emissions in nature, ultimately impacting environmental quality, cycling of materials and energy, and the transition to... 
Atmospheric Microbiology The microbiology of water (hydrosphere) and the earth (lithosphere) have been reasonably well characterised, conversely the microbiology of the atmosphere is a relatively new area for research. Research in this field, which we refer to as “aero-microbiology” (another term, aerobiology, refers to all airborne biota), holds exciting opportunities for improved understanding of the connectivity between microbial habitats, diversity and processes. We restrict our focus here to natural outdoor environments, since the microbiology of the built environment has been well studied due to public health implications. We identify six key themes that warrant particular focus in this Research Topic:... 
Food and health Microbiology Food microorganisms play a critical role in food industry and human health. As we know, bad microorganisms, including pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms are the main causes for food spoilage, food safety and food-borne human health problems. It is important to understand the growth pattern and its underlying mechanism of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms in different foods or under different conditions. Furthermore, predictive models, fast detection and new technologies can be applied to control these microorganisms and assure food safety. On the other hand, some good microorganisms, e.g., lactic acid bacteria are widely applied in fermented foods,... 
Microfluidic Mixing Microfluidics have received much attention in recent years, since there are substantial benefits to be gained from its characteristics of lower cost, smaller size and less consumption of reagents and samples compared with common macrofluidic systems. Micromixers are one of the most promising applications of microfluidic systems and have been widely used in industries, ranging from biological detection analysis to chemical reaction processes. Based on the mechanism applied in the microfluidic mixing process, it’s generally accepted that micromixers can be categorized as ‘active’ and ‘passive’ types depending on whether the cause of mixing is geometric particularity... 
Microbial Seed Banks Microbial dormancy leads to the emergence of seed banks in environmental, engineered, and host-associated ecosystems. These seed banks act as reservoirs of diversity that allow microbes to persist under adverse conditions, including extreme limitation of resources. While microbial seed banks may be influenced by macroscale factors, such as the supply of resources, the importance of microscale encounters between organisms and resource particles is often overlooked. We hypothesized that dimensions of spatial, trophic, and resource complexity determine rates of encounter, which in turn, drive the abundance, productivity, and size of seed banks. We tested this using >10,000 stochastic... 
Entomophagy, the practice of eating insects and invertebrates, has accompanied human history through the centuries, playing a significant role in cultural and religious practices. Recently, a new global interest in edible insects and invertebrates has arisen from the absolute necessity to preserve agriculture resources in order to feed the 9 billion world’s population predicted for 2050 and to obtain a drastic reduction of the ecological impact of food from animal sources. EU regulations include most edible insects (e.g., crickets, grasshoppers, silk worms) in the category of novel foods. However, while insects are a common part of the diet for at... 
Although the literature is filled with information about the prevalence and incidence of back pain in general, there is less information about chronic back pain, partly because of a lack of agreement about definition. Chronic back pain is sometimes defined as back pain that lasts for longer than 7–12 weeks. Others define it as pain that lasts beyond the expected period of healing, and acknowledge that chronic pain may not have well-defined underlying pathological causes. Others classify frequently recurring back pain as chronic pain since it intermittently affects an individual over a long period. Most national insurance and industrial sources... 
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel and lethal infectious disease, posing a threat to global health security. The number of cases has increased rapidly, but no data concerning 
Novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a newly discovered contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)–coronavirus (CoV)-2 virus, primarily manifesting as an acute respiratory illness with interstitial and alveolar pneumonia, but it can affect multiple organs such as the 
Cell Therapy 
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of a worldwide rapidly spreading illness, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Patients fed enterally and parenterally at home are exposed to the same risk of infection as the general population, but more prone to complications than others. Therefore the guidance for care-givers and care-takers of these patients is needed. A novel coronavirus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), resulted in an acute respiratory illness epidemic in Wuhan, China in the late 2019. The World Health Organization (WHO) termed the illness caused by the microbe the Coronavirus Disease 2019... 
Cancer Cell Biology & Genetics 
Considering the current pandemic of COVID-19 where no effective preventive and curative medicine is available, a healthy immune system is one of the most important weapons . There are several 
Updates on Effect of apple pomace powder on the quality attributes of fish fingers The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of different levels of apple pomace powder (APP) on the quality characteristics of fish fingers. The apple pomace powder was incorporated at four different levels viz 0, 2.5, 4.5, and 6.5 percent, replacing fish meat in the formulation. The products were analysed for various physicochemical properties, sensory attributes, emulsion stability, cooking yield, pH and proximate composition (viz., crude protein, fat extract, moisture content and total ash). Emulsion stability and cooking yield showed a significantly increasing trend with... 
Lack of Consent and Forceps Extraction Injuries in Three Neonates in Mali Forceps application can cause trauma both in neonate particularly when used inappropriately and by an unskillful practitioner. Anyway, the informed consent of the parturient have to be obtained prior to its use otherwise it will be unlawful. We report the case of three babies injured during forceps delivery and whose mothers did not consented before. Obstetric forceps are to guide fetal movement during delivery, ideally accompanied by active pushing by the mother. Application and traction differ according to the type of instrument and require extensive training and knowledge... 
Exposure to Sun Rays: An Investigation of Serum Micronutrient Status in Wistar Rats Micronutrients are important elements/biomolecules in the body known for the vital roles they play in numerous metabolic processes in the body. Whereas, depleted serum levels of micronutrients are always associated with inadequate intake, altered levels can also result from increased oxidative stress. Ultraviolet rays of the sun are an example of an agent capable of inducing oxidative stress. Therefore the effect of ultraviolet rays of the sun on serum micronutrient levels in female Wistar rats is being investigated. Fourteen female Wistar rats of average weight of 235... 
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus refers to a group of Gram-positive bacteria that are genetically distinct from other strains of Staphylococcus aureus. MRSA is responsible for several difficult-to-treat infections in humans. It refers to a group of Gram-positive bacteria that are genetically distinct from other strains of Staphylococcus aureus. MRSA is responsible for several difficult-to-treat infections in humans. MRSA is any strain of S. aureus that has developed, through horizontal gene transfer and natural selection, multiple drug resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. β-lactam antibiotics are a broad-spectrum group that include some penams (penicillin derivatives such as methicillin and oxacillin) and cephems such as... 
Malaria parasites are micro-organisms that belong to the genus Plasmodium. There are more than 100 species of Plasmodium, which can infect many animal species such as reptiles, birds, and various mammals. Four species of Plasmodium have long been recognized to infect humans in nature. A disease caused by a plasmodium parasite, transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes. The severity of malaria varies based on the species of plasmodium. Symptoms are chills, fever and sweating, usually occurring a few weeks after being bitten. People travelling to areas where malaria is common typically take protective drugs before, during and after their... 
Background. Diagnostic reasoning in primary care patients with abdominal pain is a complex challenge for GPs. To ensure evidence-based decision making for this symptom, GPs need setting-specific knowledge about the prevalence, potential risks for diseases and chance of recovery or risk of undesirable courses of disease. Aim. We conducted a systematic review of symptom-evaluating studies on prevalence, aetiology or prognosis of abdominal pain. Methods. We included all studies evaluating the symptom ‘abdominal pain’ as a reason for consultation in primary care. We included all types of study designs except for qualitative studies. Studies focussed solely on children or settings other... 
Liver cancer detection and classification based on optimum hierarchical feature The liver is one of the biggest organs in the body, situated in the upper right portion of the stomach area. The liver has numerous imperative capacities, including clearing poisons from the blood, metabolizing drugs, produce blood proteins and bile which helps assimilation. However, there are a wide range of issues that can happen in the liver and some can cause permanent harm. These conditions incorporate virus infection, responses because of medications or liquor, tumors, genetic conditions and issues with the body's immune system. Among them liver tumor is one... 
CELL SCIENCE AND MUTATION: AN OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL Journal of 
Current Trends in Cardiology is a peer-reviewed, scholarly journal aimed at worldwide dissemination of research developments in the field of cardiology and related issues. The journal focuses on the publication of scientific advancements pertaining to the development of more potent drugs, diagnostic techniques, valve therapy, stem cell therapyand other therapeutic approaches for the treatment of high risk patients of cardiac diseases. Current Trends in Cardiology aims to publish quality research in the form of clinical reports, case studies, conceptual breakthroughs and novel insights, research, review articles, short communications and scientific correspondences containing advanced research output in this field. ... 
Chronic Liver Diseases Chronic liver disease (CLD) is a major concern for the U.S. with the rates of morbidity and mortality on the rise since 2005. CLD includes multiple pathologies such as inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis and cancer, and can be induced by multiple liver disorders including hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cholangiopathies (i.e. diseases that target the biliary epithelial cells), and others. One of the main treatments for CLD is liver transplantation, but the number livers available for transplant is decreasing as the number of people awaiting a transplant is increasing. Therefore, it is of the utmost... 
Gastroenterology and Hepatology Hereby we propose to organize a series of manuscripts related to the topic 'Systems Biology and Bioinformatics in Gastroenterology and Hepatology'. We believe that such series will increase visibility of an innovative scientific discipline connecting clinicians, basic scientists, mathematicians, as well as bioinformatics and will stimulate international networking among them in the field of Gastroenetrology and Hepatology. Systems biology stands for a comprehensive and integrative approach in life science. During the last decades reductionist approaches, mainly based on molecular biology and biochemistry methods, has successfully identified many central mechanisms and characteristics of e.g. liver and pancreas... 
Each year, several million people fall victim to envenoming caused by snakes, scorpions, spiders, and other venomous animals. For more than 120 years, such envenomings have been treated with antisera comprised of polyclonal antibodies or antibody fragments derived from the plasma of hyper-immunized animals. These medicines have been key to saving lives and limbs. However, given their heterologous nature, they are associated with several drawbacks, including a high content of non-neutralizing antibodies and a propensity to elicit adverse reactions, such as anaphylaxis and serum sickness. With the advent of monoclonal antibodies, DNA sequencing and other biotechnological breakthroughs, an opportunity presents... 
Currently, we are experiencing unprecedented declines in biodiversity around the globe in what biologists have named the sixth mass extinction. Whilst habitat loss and ongoing anthropogenic environmental change are the biggest threats currently facing the natural world, emerging infectious diseases are partially responsible for large scale declines of many different taxa. For example, in bats, the emerging pathogen, Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the causative agent of White Nose Syndrome, has caused the ongoing decline in many bat species in North America. Other vertebrates such as amphibians and reptiles are not immune to the negative effects of emerging infections. While both amphibian and... 
Journal of Kidney Treatment and Diagnosis is a peer-reviewed Journal, encourages on-going international research and information exchange through publication of latest advances on all aspects of Kidney Treatment and Diagnosis Referral to a nephrologist Guidelines for referral to a 
Journal of Kidney Treatment and Diagnosis is a peer-reviewed Journal, encourages on-going international research and information exchange through publication of latest advances on all aspects of Kidney Treatment and Diagnosis 
Bacteria Bacteria are single celled microbes. The cell structure is simpler than that of other organisms as there is no nucleus or membrane bound organelles. Instead their control centre containing the genetic information is contained in a single loop of DNA. Some bacteria have an extra circle of genetic material called a plasmid. The plasmid often contains genes that give the bacterium some advantage over other bacteria. For example it may contain a gene that makes the bacterium resistant to a certain antibiotic. Bacteria are classified into five groups according to their basic shapes: spherical (cocci), rod (bacilli), spiral (spirilla),... 
A bidirectional relationship exists between oral health and 
There is a worldwide concern about the new 
Eneterovirus (EV) is a major cause of viral encephalitis/meningitis. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of enterovirus-associated encephalitis/meningitis and the distribution of enterovirus serotypes in children with encephalitis/meningitis in Shanghai during 2016~2017. We collected cerebrospinal fluid specimens from pediatric patients with encephalitis/meningitis and stool specimens from children with viral encephalitis/meningitis followed with hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) during 2016 ~2017. The nested RT-PCR and sequencing were performed to identify the enteroviruses and serotypes During 2016 ~2017, we obtained 295 non-duplicated cerebrospinal fluid specimens from children with clinically diagnosis viral encephalitis/meningitis, and enterovirus was positive in 163 (55.25%) specimens. Of which, 139... 
Cytomegalovirus is a rare but, increasingly recognized cause of corneal endotheliitis that requires strong clinical suspicion for diagnosis. We report the clinical characteristics and follow up of twelve cases of CMV endotheliitis/anterior uveitis. Six male and six female patients were included. It is a genus of viruses in the order Herpesvirales, in the family Herpesviridae, in the subfamily Betaherpesvirinae. Humans and monkeys serve as natural hosts. The eight species in this genus include the type species, Human betaherpesvirus 5, which is the species that infects humans. The mean age at the time of diagnosis was 37.2±17.2 (15-74) years and mean... 
Sexual segregation of the European eel The objective of this study is to evaluate the bathymetric distribution, sex ratio, stages of gonad maturation and reproductive strategy of the European eel (Conger conger) in coastal inshore waters of the Costa Brava (north-west Mediterranean) and to answer many questions about its biology. The observations confirm the absence of both males and mature or spent females in the area. The only males obtained were caught at greater depths (between 600 and 800 m) than females (100 to 400 m). Ten morphometric characters were used to calculate morphometric indices and compare anatomical differences between... 
Neither pain, nor depression exist as independent phenomena per se, they are highly subjective inner states, formed by our brain and built on the bases of our experiences, cognition and emotions. Chronic pain is associated with changes in brain physiology and anatomy. It has been suggested that the neuronal activity underlying subjective perception of chronic pain may be divergent from the activity associated with acute pain. We will discuss the possible common pathophysiological mechanism of chronic pain and depression with respect to the default mode network of the brain, neuroplasticity and the effect of antidepressants on these two pathological conditions.... 
What is Marine Food? Seafood is any form of sea life regarded as food by humans. Seafood prominently includes fish and shellfish. Shellfish include various species of molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms. Historically, sea mammals such as whales and dolphins have been consumed as food, though that happens to a lesser extent these days. Edible sea plants, such as some seaweeds and microalgae, are widely eaten as seafood around the world, especially in Asia (see the category of sea vegetables). In North America, although not generally in the United Kingdom, the term "seafood" is extended to fresh water organisms eaten by... 
Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic A new series of novel derivatives of pyrazole were synthesized. These derivatives were identified on the basis of melting point range, Rf values, IR and 1H NMR spectral analysis. The derivatives were screened for antiinflammatory and analgesic activities. The derivatives exhibited significant to moderate anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Nitrogen containing heterocyclic compounds are synthetically the challenging models for a number of therapeutically significant products. Azoles occupy a domain of interest in natural and synthetic chemistry. Diazoles are the central building blocks for synthesizing compound libraries in pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. One such class of compounds... 
Collagen thin film glucose biosensor 
About 50 million of the U.S. adult population suffer from chronic pain. It is a complex disease in its own right for which currently available analgesics have been deemed woefully inadequate since ~ 20% of the sufferers derive no benefit. Vitamin D, known for its role in calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism, is thought to be of clinical benefit in treating chronic pain without the side-effects of currently available analgesics. A strong correlation between hypovitaminosis D and incidence of bone pain is known. However, the potential underlying mechanisms by which Vitamin D might exert its analgesic effects are poorly understood.... 
A novel technique to secure the acute myocardial infarct images Privacy is an essential part in various applications of data mining, which mostly considers the areas of forensics, health, financial, behavioural, and other sort of confidential data. They may occur due to the requirement to create user profiles, build models related to social network and to detect terrorism among others. For example, mining the data of a health care system may have the necessity to dissect clinical records and other medical transactions. But the underlying problem is that the privacy laws may be broken when such different data sets of... 
Veterinary Science has been in the forefront of vaccine research and innovation since the time of Louis Pasteur, who developed a number of vaccines for veterinary use, including the first vaccines against chicken cholera, swine erysipelas and rabies. Today, Veterinary Science is innovating with novel technologies to improve vaccine efficacy, reduce vaccination costs, identify and remove infected animals and eradicate diseases important both for Animal and Public Health. A plethora of innovative vaccine technologies, are either already available in animal health or will become available in the near future. Viral vector vaccines are used in poultry, food animals,... 
Emerging and re-emerging virus infectious diseases continue to challenge diagnostic, prevention and control strategies in the swine industry. Over the past decade, a number of emergent swine viruses have been identified in the global swine population. These viruses can be categorized into three groups: 1) re-emerging swine viruses, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), pseudorabies virus (PRV), and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), which cause economically important diseases in pigs, whereas others such as porcine enteroviruses, porcine toroviruses (PToV), porcine sapelovirus (PSV), porcine bocavirus (PBoV), porcine kobuvirus (PKBV), and porcine... 
Within the financial sector, the term "financial markets" is often used to refer just to the markets that are used to raise finance. For long term finance, the Capital markets; for short term finance, the Money markets. Another common use of the term is as a catchall for all the markets in the financial sector, as per examples in the breakdown below. Capital markets which consist of: Stock markets, which provide financing through the issuance of shares or common stock, and enable the subsequent trading thereof. Bond markets, which provide financing through the issuance of bonds, and enable the... 
A financial market is a market in which people trade financial securities and derivatives at low transaction costs. Some of the securities include stocks and bonds, and precious metals. The term "market" is sometimes used for what are more strictly exchanges, organizations that facilitate the trade in financial securities, e.g., a stock exchange or commodity exchange. This may be a physical location (such as the NYSE, LSE, JSE, BSE) or an electronic system (such as NASDAQ). Much trading of stocks takes place on an exchange; still, corporate actions (merger, spinoff) are outside an exchange, while any two companies or people,... 
The primary objective was to directly compare the prognostic accuracy of hs-cTnT versus hs-cTnI for the prediction of death in patient with pneumonia. The prognostic accuracy of high sensitivity (hs)-cTnT and hs-cTnI was directly compared among patients presenting with dyspnea to the emergency department and centrally adjudicated by two independent experts to have pneumonia. Blood samples for the blinded measurement of hs-cTnT and hs-cTnI, as well as NTproBNP were obtained at ED presentation. CURB-65 was calculated as the multivariate risk score recommended in current guidelines. Primary endpoints were all-cause and cardiovascular (CV) mortality at 1 year. Pneumonia is... 
JOURNAL OF CELL SCIENCE AND MUTATION’S HIGHLIGHTS Journal of Cell Science and Mutation, a newly launched journal dedicated to the advancing Science and Gene Mutation. The journal publishes a wide range of scientific articles related to cell biology, multicellular, Cell theory, Cell movement, Ribosomes, Mitochondria, Cell division, Mutation, Gene therapy, Cell structures, Cell sciences along Human, Vegetative, Neurological stem cell, Nano technological stem cell research, Genetic Nano research , Tissue culturing, Chromosomes, Membranes, Eukaryotic cells,Cytoskeleton, Genetic material, Organelles, Eukaryotic, Eukaryotic and prokaryotic, Cell wall, Prokaryotic, Growth and metabolism, etc., Aims and Scope: Journal of Cell Science and Mutation (JCSM) main... 
Biomedical Research is now accepting papers on Latest Developments in Virus Research Biomedical Research provides a means of fast publication for original papers on fundamental research in biological and medical fields. Biomedical Research is now focussing on virology. Contributions on new developments concerning virus structure, replication, pathogenesis and evolution are encouraged. These include reports describing virus morphology, the function and antigenic analysis of virus structural components, virus genome structure and expression, analysis on virus replication processes, virus evolution in connection with antiviral interventions, effects of viruses on their host cells, particularly on the immune system, and the pathogenesis of... 
Human Genetics: 
Most patients who present with cancer have advanced disease and often suffer moderate to severe pain. Opioid therapy can be safe and effective for use in cancer patients with pain, but there are rightful concerns about inappropriate opioid use even in the cancer population. Since cancer patients live longer than ever before in history (and survivors may have long exposure times to opioid therapy), opioid misuse among cancer patients is an important topic worthy of deeper investigation. Cancer patients with pain must be evaluated for risk factors for potential opioid misuse and aberrant drug-taking behaviours assessed. A variety of validated... 
Occupational exposure to pesticides towards the danger of childhood leukemia in China Leukemias are neoplastic disorders of white blood cells marked by genetic and chromosomal abnormalities that prevent blood cells to achieve their ultimate functional form. Leukemia accounts for around 30% of total malignant tumors and is common in children around the world. Acute leukemia constitutes approximately 95% of leukemias and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is the most frequently reported pediatric leukemia, with approximately 80% of total leukemia cases in children. The incidence rate of ALL between 1991 and 1994 was 59 events per million children aged below 5 years.... 
Most amputees experience phantom limb, whereby they feel that the amputated limb is still present. In some cases, these experiences include pain that can be alleviated by “mirror therapy.” Mirror therapy consists of superimposing a mirrored image of the moving intact limb onto the phantom limb. This therapy provides a closed loop between the motor command to the amputated limb and its predicted visual feedback. This loop is also involved in the sense of agency, a feeling of controlling one’s own body. However, it is unclear how mirror therapy is related to the sense of agency over a phantom limb.... 
Teledermatology Dermatology is an independent clinical secondary discipline established on the basis of cognitive features. With the emergence of digital technology, remote transmission technology and internet technology, dermatology has become the easiest discipline to integrate with these technologies and establish clinical application scenarios. At present, the development of skin imaging technology (dermoscopy, reflectance confocal microscopy, etc.), teledermatology and artificial intelligence has profoundly and comprehensively changed the characteristics, service model and public influence of dermatology. However, geographical and inter-hospital differences exist in skin imaging technology level, mainly due to different levels of accessibility of skin imaging devices and the dermatologists’ skills... 
Despite mounting calls for predictive ecological approaches rooted in physiological performance currencies, the field of invasive species 
The human 
Dermatology The increasing presence of artificial intelligence (AI) worldwide, has led to numerous attempts at leveraging such technology for challenging healthcare problems. In the field of dermatology, the most progress thus far, has taken place in the field of melanoma diagnosis. Multiple original articles and several reviews have been published demonstrating that camera systems with algorithmic processing abilities may be able to differentiate between nevi and malignant lesions with similar accuracy to certified dermatologists. Recognizing, however, that the field of dermatology is much broader than melanoma diagnosis, there is now a considerable number of additional topics under study. For example,... 
A numerical analysis is presented of the 
The early years (1945-1970) revealed that ion channels were aqueous pores on nerve and muscle plasma membranes. Seminal work by Sir Alan L. Hodgkin and Andrew F. Huxley in the 1950s using the accessible preparations of the giant axons from Atlantic squids, introduced the world to the properties of voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels using the voltage-clamp technique. Bernard Katz and colleagues followed with the first detailed description of ligand gated currents active by acetylcholine at the frog neuromuscular junction in the 1960s. Using different animal preparations, a wide spectrum of different ion channels and their properties have been described,... 
This Research Topic is proposed to gain insight into the evolution of brain structure, function, and physiology by exploring the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of aquatic organisms. It aims to collect more information on 1) the evolution of brain structures and the interpretation of their functional significance, 2) the origin of diseases and the evolution of healing processes, and 3) to expand knowledge about the fundamental mechanisms of the nervous system. Aquatic organisms, either vertebrates or invertebrates, living in marine or freshwater environments, show considerable variation in the organization of their central nervous system, which correlates with an evolutionary adaptation to... 
"Equity" is another word for ownership in a company. For example, the owner of a grocery store chain needs to grow operations. Instead of debt, the owner would like to sell a 10% stake in the company for $100,000, valuing the firm at $1 million. Companies like to sell equity because the investor bears all the risk; if the business fails, the investor gets nothing. At the same time, giving up equity is giving up some control. Equity investors want to have a say in how the company is operated, especially in difficult times, and are often entitled to votes... 
Financing is the process of providing funds for business activities, making purchases or investing. Financial institutions such as banks are in the business of providing capital to businesses, consumers, and investors to help them achieve their goals. The use of financing is vital in any economic system, as it allows companies to purchase products out of their immediate reach. Financing is key to Fundera's business model, for instance. It is difficult to gain financing while in financial distress. Put differently, financing is a way to leverage the time value of money (TVM) to put future expected money flows to use... 
Infections caused by carbapenem resistance Acinetobacter baumannii (crab) are continually a focus of significant attention since the limitation of therapeutic options. Probiotic bacteria always have an essential role in dairy products and fermented food and promoted the positive health image as the treatment of microbial infections. Here, we evaluated the potential of antimicrobial agent produced by probiotics for the protection against crab infection. Tracheal aspirate specimen from 150 patients at Egyptian hospitals were recognized as Ab by PCR detection of blaOXA-51. Antimicrobial susceptibility was studied. Positive crab isolates with blaOXA-24 and blaOXA-58incidence were undergoing for screening using probiotics that have... 
Gene-based nucleic acid vaccines are capable of eliciting protective immunity in humans to persistent pathogens, e.g., HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis, for which conventional protein/peptide vaccines have failed. Recent identification and characterization of genes coding for tumor antigens has stimulated the development of nucleic acid-based cancer vaccines. With increasing life expectancy in high-income countries and newly emerging infections in low-income countries, new technologies are required to address changing vaccine needs. Nucleic acid vaccines have the potential to address these needs, but despite decades of research there is still no commercial product for human use. Nucleic acid vaccines (pDNA, mRNA) have... 
Experts have known that viral illnesses such as 
What is Fish Production? Fish are a very high source of proteins and have great nutritional value. Fish production was initially dependent on fish capturing. However, most of the captured fish were used for industrial purposes and were hardly consumed by man. Therefore, an alternative method to increase fish production was devised that includes farming and husbandry of economically important aquatic organisms. This is known as aquaculture. Methods of Fish Production Fish production can be done in two ways: Capture Fishery Naturally occurring fish are harvested by capture fishery. Capture fishery is sometimes also known as wild fishery. Culture Fishery... 
Biomedical Research and its Applications 
Can fish give humans diseases? Fish-handler's disease is a nonspecific term that is in the medical and lay literature that describes a disease or syndrome of humans that may occur after handling fish or, in some instances, other aquatic organisms. There are a number of other similar terms that essentially describe the same disease. The disease has so many names because so many different outbreaks have been associated with occupations (fishermen or lobstermen), hobbies (tropical fish tanks, pet shop workers), or water sports (boating, swimming pool use). Researchers also discovered that at least two different genera of bacteria (Mycobacterium and... 
Assessment of Uterine Abnormalities by Sonography 
Relationship between Chronic/ Recurrent Rhinosinusitis and Anxiety /Depression in Adults 
JOURNAL OF CELL SCIENCE AND MUTATION: CALL FOR PAPERS Journal of Cell Science and Mutation, a newly launched journal dedicated to the advancing Science and Gene Mutation. The journal publishes a wide range of scientific articles related to cell biology, multicellular, Cell theory, Cell movement, Ribosomes, Mitochondria, Cell division, Mutation, Gene therapy, Cell structures, Cell sciences along Human, Vegetative, Neurological stem cell, Nano technological stem cell research, Genetic Nano research , Tissue culturing, Chromosomes, Membranes, Eukaryotic cells,Cytoskeleton, Genetic material, Organelles, Eukaryotic, Eukaryotic and prokaryotic, Cell wall, Prokaryotic, Growth and metabolism, etc., Aims and Scope: Journal of Cell Science and Mutation... 
Cancer Cell Biology & Genetics 
"Processed food" includes food that has been cooked, canned, frozen, packaged or changed in 
In late 2019, the first reports of an unknown 
The majority of patients with terminal breast cancer show signs of bone metastasis, the most common cause of pain in cancer. Clinically available drug treatment options for the relief of cancer-associated bone pain are limited due to either inadequate pain relief and/or dose-limiting side-effects. One of the major hurdles in understanding the mechanism by which breast cancer causes pain after metastasis to the bones is the lack of suitable preclinical models. Until the late twentieth century, all animal models of cancer induced bone pain involved systemic injection of cancer cells into animals, which caused severe deterioration of animal health due... 
Evaluation of cardiovascular complexities and quality of life Thyrotoxic heart disease has been classified as the development of various cardiovascular complexities which results because the excess of thyroid hormones affect peripheral vasculature and cardiac myocytes, directly. It could manifest as thyrotoxic cardiomyopathy, ventricular extrasystole, congestive cardiac failure, elevated resting heart rate, atrial fibrillation, arterial high blood pressure (bp), and cardiac hypertrophy. The common cause behind thyrotoxic heart disease is toxic diffuse goiter (TDG), which is associated with hyperthyroidism constituting up to 5% of all endocrine disorders in several countries. Besides, the reason behind the development of psychiatric disorders is the... 
Neurosciences This Research Topic will cover the state of the art of animal model data collection, the development of new methods and tools for the analysis of animal models’ large data sets to produce high-quality atlases from population data, implementing translational studies, aiming to deepen our understanding of human psychiatric pathologies and diseases via their manifestation in different animal models We will welcome articles contributing to the construction and dissemination of animal model atlases; the dissemination, curation, and description of publicly accessible and open data on animal models for the needs of the research community; the development of innovative data... 
Fibrogenesis Liver cirrhosis is increasingly becoming the major cause of global health burden. It originates through a dynamic process of liver fibrogenesis and fibrosis. Excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix comprising collagen, glycoproteins and other components alter the organization of liver lobule into fibrotic histology. Fibrogensis deprive the hepatocytes from oxygen and nutrients supply leading to necrosis which impedes the metabolic exchange between blood and liver cells. Fibrogenesis initiated as a response to liver injury is an integrated process involving complex molecular, cellular and histological changes towards the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix. Molecules like growth factors, proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, reactive... 
The Neotropical biogeographic realm or Neotropic is considered a diversity hotspot for well-studied terrestrial taxa, such as amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals or plants; however, knowledge regarding fungal diversity and distributions is still scarce. During the last years, using morphological and molecular approaches, new fungal species have been described but the presence of cryptic species or species complexes has frequently led to overestimated geographic distributions of certain taxa. This Research Topic welcomes outstanding contributions addressing the taxonomy, diversity, evolution, and biogeography of fungi in the Neotropics, as well as aspects related to fungal ecology. We aim to gather Original Research and... 
Animals disperse smaller organisms by ingesting, transporting and egesting propagules such as plant seeds, fruits, small invertebrates and algae (internal transport), or by carrying propagules attached to their exterior (external transport). Animal-mediated dispersal is generally well studied, but most previous work focused on only a handful of species networks. For example, seed dispersal by frugivorous birds and mammals, scatterhoarding by small mammals, seed dispersal by ants, and dispersal of grass seeds by large herbivores have been investigated in much detail. In contrast, relatively unexplored systems include dispersal of invertebrates by birds, seed dispersal by vectors such as fish, reptiles or... 
Low back pain is a common disorder. Pathological innervation and intervertebral disc degeneration are two major factors associated with this disease. Semaphorin 3A, originally known for its potent inhibiting effect on axonal outgrowth, is recently found to correlate with disease activity and histological features in some skeletal disorders. Based on its effects on innervation and vascularization, as well as enzyme secretion, we presume that semaphorin 3A may act as a potential target for low back pain. Hypothesis: Based on the effects of semaphorin 3A on innervation and vascularization, as well as on enzyme secretion in the skeletal... 
A kidney stone usually remains symptomless until it moves into the ureter. When symptoms of 
Since December, 2019, 
Dermatopathology is a joint subspecialty of dermatology and pathology or surgical pathology that focuses on the study of cutaneous diseases at a microscopic and molecular level. It also encompasses analyses of the potential causes of skin diseases at a basic level. Dermatopathologists work in close association with clinical dermatologists, with many possessing further clinical training in dermatology. In the United States, dermatopathology is practiced in a variety of settings. Some biopsies are interpreted by the dermatologists who obtained them; some are sent to pathology laboratories and interpreted either by general pathologists or dermatopathologists, while others are interpreted at specialized dermatopathology... 
"Equity" is another word for ownership in a company. For example, the owner of a grocery store chain needs to grow operations. Instead of debt, the owner would like to sell a 10% stake in the company for $100,000, valuing the firm at $1 million. Companies like to sell equity because the investor bears all the risk; if the business fails, the investor gets nothing. At the same time, giving up equity is giving up some control. Equity investors want to have a say in how the company is operated, especially in difficult times, and are often entitled to votes... 
Financing is the process of providing funds for business activities, making purchases or investing. Financial institutions such as banks are in the business of providing capital to businesses, consumers, and investors to help them achieve their goals. The use of financing is vital in any economic system, as it allows companies to purchase products out of their immediate reach. Financing is key to Fundera's business model, for instance. It is difficult to gain financing while in financial distress. Put differently, financing is a way to leverage the time value of money (TVM) to put future expected money flows to use... 
Heightened sensitivity to painful stimulation commonly spreads from the affected limb to the ipsilateral forehead in patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). In addition, acoustic startle evokes greater auditory discomfort and increases in limb pain when presented on the affected than unaffected side. In contrast, limb pain ordinarily evokes analgesia in the ipsilateral forehead of healthy participants, and acoustic startle suppresses limb pain. Together, these findings suggest that hemilateral and generalized pain control mechanisms are disrupted in CRPS, and that multisensory integrative processes are compromised. Failure to inhibit nociceptive input from the CRPS-affected limb could sensitize spinal and supraspinal... 
Pain is associated with most bony pathologies. Clinical and experimental observations suggest that bone pain can be derived from noxious stimulation of the periosteum or bone marrow. Sensory neurons are known to innervate the periosteum and marrow cavity, and most of these have a morphology and molecular phenotype consistent with a role in nociception. However, little is known about the physiology of these neurons, and therefore information about mechanisms that generate and maintain bone pain is lacking. The periosteum has received greater attention relative to the bone marrow, reflecting the easier access of the periosteum for experimental assessment. With the... 
The 
Comparison of different models of insulin resistance in T2DM The prevalence of type 2 diabetes has been increasing rapidly resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. Studies suggest that intensification of glycemic control with insulin significantly decreased the risk of diabetic complications over a period of time. Early intensive insulin therapy in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients might have better recovery and maintenance of β-cell function and longtime diabetic remission. Type 2 diabetes is progressive and that insulin will probably have to be used at some point. Introduction of short-acting insulin has apparently improved postprandial glucose control in type... 
Schistosomiasis is an acute and chronic parasitic disease caused by blood flukes (trematode worms) of the genus Schistosoma. Estimates show that at least 229 million people required preventive treatment in 2018. Preventive treatment, which should be repeated over a number of years, will reduce and prevent morbidity. Schistosomiasis transmission has been reported from 78 countries. However, preventive chemotherapy for schistosomiasis, where people and communities are targeted for large-scale treatment, is only required in 52 endemic countries with moderate-to-high transmission. Infection and transmission: People become infected when larval forms of the parasite – released by freshwater snails – penetrate the skin... 
The occurrence, distribution, and disease incidence of yellow vein mosaic (YVM) disease of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) in northern India are reported. The disease was found in both commercial and experimental farms in the Bahraich district, Uttar Pradesh, India and caused significant reduction in plant height and crop yield. Southern hybridization with begomovirus-specific probe and PCR amplification with DNA β and coat protein primers confirmed the association of begomovirus with the disease. Survey of Virus Diseases and Sample Collection: DNA Isolation- Total plant DNA was isolated from the symptomatic leaves of the collected samples using the CTAB method (10).... 
A recent review examines the relationship between 
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Chemical Sensors Novel chemical sensors are poised to revolutionize fundamental scientific research and our daily lives, as they play a more and more important role in various areas within clinical diagnosis. Nowadays, several definitions of chemical sensors are widely recognized, among which include miniaturized devices that can deliver real- time and on-line information in the presence of specific compounds or ions in complex samples. They are also defined by IUPAC as devices that transform chemical information, ranging from the concentration of a specific sample component to total composition analysis, into an analytically useful signal. Furthermore, organic chemists consider them to... 
Medical 3D printing Medical 3D printing has been gaining attention from the scientific community with an increasing number of publications reported in the literature in the past years. Steady technological advances allow the manufacturing of 3D parts using materials as diverse as polymers, metals, ceramics and biomaterials, thus enabling a wide spectrum of applications. On the one hand, 3D printed parts are used to create anatomical models for planning complex surgical or interventional procedures, for advanced medical education and for R&D of novel surgical tools, medical devices, and implants. On the other hand, 3D printing is employed to address basic... 
A new synthetic route to obtaining megazol, an drug active in negligence’s disease New drugs are urgently required for treatment of human African trypanosomiasis and Chagas´ disease. One compound with promise is megazol, a nitro heterocyclic compound that forms a nitro radical anion upon reduction. Megazol (2-amino-5-(1-methyl-5-nitro-2-imidazolyl)- 1,3,4-thiadiazol) and related nitroimidazole compounds are being tested as antichagasic drugs. Little is known on the mode of action of megazol. However, there is evidence that 1-electron reduction of megazol to the corresponding nitro radical anion is a key step in the reaction mechanism. It was observed that the obtaining of megazol can... 
Symbiotic interactions between microorganisms and animals are ubiquitous in nature. Recent studies in amphibians have identified symbiotic bacterial communities that play a relevant role protecting the host against pathogens such as Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd. Many of the bacterial symbionts of amphibians that have been isolated to date produce antifungal metabolites with the capacity to inhibit Bd in vitro and in vivo. These findings have led to the development of probiotics as a promising strategy against chytridiomycosis, the disease caused by Bd, which has caused dramatic declines and extinctions of host species worldwide. In addition to Bd, amphibians are threatened by... 
Symbiotic interactions between microorganisms and animals are ubiquitous in nature. Recent studies in amphibians have identified symbiotic bacterial communities that play a relevant role protecting the host against pathogens such as Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd. Many of the bacterial symbionts of amphibians that have been isolated to date produce antifungal metabolites with the capacity to inhibit Bd in vitro and in vivo. These findings have led to the development of probiotics as a promising strategy against chytridiomycosis, the disease caused by Bd, which has caused dramatic declines and extinctions of host species worldwide. In addition to Bd, amphibians are threatened by... 
Thyroid hormones role in development was first suggested in the 18th century when a relationship between goiter and cretinism was found by F.E. Fodere. But it was Rudolf Virchow work in the late 19th century with thyroidectomized animals that clearly demonstrated that goiter led to cretinism. This opened the door to the understanding of TH action on vertebrate development. However given the relative ease by which cretinism could be treated simply by eating animal thyroid gland or iodine supplementation, research into the action of TH on vertebrate development has been lagging. This was further enhanced by the complex biology of... 
Gap Financing is a term mostly associated with mortgage loans or property loans such as a bridge loan. It is an interim loan given to finance the difference between the floor loan and the maximum permanent loan as committed. More specifically, gap financing is subordinated temporary financing paid off when the first mortgagee disburses the full amount due under the first mortgage loan. This is normal in a situation involving a permanent “floor-ceiling loan,” where the borrower does not meet a rent-roll requirement, and the first mortgagee funds only a floor amount, agree in to fund the balance in the... 
In economics, capital consists of assets that can enhance one's power to perform economically useful work. For example, a stone or an arrow is capital for a hunter-gatherer who can use it as a hunting instrument; similarly, roads are capital for inhabitants of a city. Capital is distinct from land and other non-renewable resources in that it can be increased by human labour, and does not include certain durable goods like homes and personal automobiles that are not used in the production of saleable goods and services. Adam Smith defined capital as "that part of man's stock which he expects... 
Humans need a certain daily intake of 
The 
Authorities in 211 countries and territories have reported more than 1,850,000 
Cell Therapy 
Red Cell Immunology and Genotyping Immunohematology is a specialized branch of laboratory medicine which involves the study of the immunology and genetics of blood groups, blood cell antigens and antibodies, and specific blood proteins. It plays an important role in blood banking and transfusion medicine. Immunohematology problems discovered during the process of routine pre-transfusion or antenatal testing often produce fatal incompatible antibody. Because the membrane of each RBC contains millions of those antigens and transfusing a patient with the incorrect blood group may have fatal consequences. For example, when a woman becomes pregnant, and during delivery a small amount of... 
Research on Supra-trochlear foramen and its clinical significance Supra-trochlear foramen is not described in textbooks of anatomy and orthopedicsbut clinically and radiologically its presence in adult human humerus is very important for intramedullary nailing for treatment of supracondylar fractures and to prevent misinterpretation of radiographs respectively. The study was carried on 222 dry adult human humeri (113 right sided and 109 left sided), of unknown sex, for the presence of supra-trochlear foramen. When foramen was present then its shape was observed and remaining bones were observed for translucency and perforation ofcoronoid-olecranon septum. Results:Supra-trochlear foramen was present in 77 (34.68%) humeri.... 
The Effect of Radiopacifier in Portland Cement for Repairing Furcal Perforations This study was designed to evaluater adiopacity, interface micrographs, and leakage mediated by zirconium oxide (ZO) placed into white Portland cement (PC) as a furcal perforation sealing material. Perforations were created in the floors of pulp chambers in 56 freshly human maxillary and mandibular molars and randomly divided into four experimental groups, each containing 12 teeth, and a negative control group containing 8 teeth. The experimental groups were prepared using 20% ZO plus PC, PC, ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), and 20% bismuth oxideplus PC. First, radiopacity was assessed... 
Novel Corona Virus Research As we are aware of the fact that novel Corona Virus has been the most dangerous pandemic the World has witnessed till date. Below are few information gathered from WHO. "Solidarity” is an international clinical trial to help find an effective treatment for COVID-19, launched by the World Health Organization and partners. Until there is sufficient evidence, WHO cautions against physicians and medical associations recommending or administering these unproven treatments to patients with COVID-19 or people self-medicating with them. WHO is concerned by reports of individuals self-medicating with Chloroquine and causing themselves serious harm. The... 
In recent years, ultrasound guided intervention has become a mainstream for treatments of musculoskeletal pain. Compared with traditional fluoroscopy guidance, ultrasound has the advantage of being real-time, zero radiation, and capability of differentiating various soft tissues during intervention. Another advantage of ultrasound is its capability of direct assessment of the neural structures. In particular, the use of ultrasound imaging enables researchers to understand the changes of nerve echo texture after pharmacological applications. Advances in ultrasound technology could potentially further permit the evaluation of intra-neural altered microcirculation and nerve elasticity before and after pharmacological therapies. There are several regimens commonly... 
Mesosaurs are among the most amazing extinct animals; they are the oldest known reptiles that developed aquatic adaptations, although how terrestrial their ancestors had become remains to be established; they are the only known vertebrates from Gondwana at the Early Permian and they are represented by thousands of well preserved and almost complete skeletons. Mesosaurs were capable of inhabiting cold and salty water bodies resulting from the drought of an originally large inland sea that extended over what is now South America and Africa. So far, mesosaurs are the only tetrapods known from a depauperate ecosystem that included pygocephalomorph crustaceans,... 
Currently, we are experiencing unprecedented declines in biodiversity around the globe in what biologists have named the sixth mass extinction. Whilst habitat loss and ongoing anthropogenic environmental change are the biggest threats currently facing the natural world, emerging infectious diseases are partially responsible for large scale declines of many different taxa. For example, in bats, the emerging pathogen, Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the causative agent of White Nose Syndrome, has caused the ongoing decline in many bat species in North America. Other vertebrates such as amphibians and reptiles are not immune to the negative effects of emerging infections. While both amphibian and... 
Biomarkers, Cytokines, and Chemokines Understanding the microenvironment within skin cancers is key for the development of new preventative and therapeutic treatment options. Research advances in skin cancers such as melanoma have revolutionized immunotherapeutic treatment options, for example through the provision of checkpoint inhibitor trials that have benefitted not just melanoma patients, but also patients with a wide array of other cancers, including less readily accessible cancer types. However, checkpoint inhibitor success is limited in melanoma and unlikely to become the mainstay of treatment for other skin cancer types like squamous cell carcinoma. Therefore, many skin cancer subtypes remain with few... 
Artificial Intelligence in Dermatology The increasing presence of artificial intelligence (AI) worldwide, has led to numerous attempts at leveraging such technology for challenging healthcare problems. In the field of dermatology, the most progress thus far, has taken place in the field of melanoma diagnosis. Multiple original articles and several reviews have been published demonstrating that camera systems with algorithmic processing abilities may be able to differentiate between nevi and malignant lesions with similar accuracy to certified dermatologists. Recognizing, however, that the field of dermatology is much broader than melanoma diagnosis, there is now a considerable number of additional topics under... 
CELL SCIENCE: CALL FOR PAPERS Journal of Cell Science and Mutation, a newly launched journal dedicated to the advancing Science and Gene Mutation. The journal publishes a wide range of scientific articles related to cell biology, multicellular, Cell theory, Cell movement, Ribosomes, Mitochondria, Cell division, Mutation, Gene therapy, Cell structures, Cell sciences along Human, Vegetative, Neurological stem cell, Nano technological stem cell research, Genetic Nano research , Tissue culturing, Chromosomes, Membranes, Eukaryotic cells,Cytoskeleton, Genetic material, Organelles, Eukaryotic, Eukaryotic and prokaryotic, Cell wall, Prokaryotic, Growth and metabolism, etc., Aims and Scope: Journal of Cell Science and Mutation (JCSM) main aim is... 
Internet has improved live and activities of human being in the society. Bringing digital changes to the way domestic and business activities are done with a special reference to shopping. This transformation from traditional shopping to online shopping in Nigeria is driven by the prevalence of internet connectivity in Nigeria. Nigeria has witnessed an improved growth in the usage rate of internet since the Nigeria communication commission launched GSM in 1999. In Nigeria, internet usage is driven more by the Smartphone and private laptops. Shopping in Nigeria is now advanced in line with the availability of internet. This has impacted... 
Manufacturing firms? performance is predisposed majorly to the strength of working capital management. Working capital management provides the strategy to improve financial strength and growth of firms. Considering the contribution of working capital to Jordan?s economy; this study examined the effect of working capital management on financial performance. Cross sectional and time series data of 46 listed manufacturing firms on Amman Stock Exchange for a period of 2010 to 2014 were assessed. This article conducted an empirical investigation using descriptive and regression analyses to evaluate the effect of working capital management on firms? financial performance. Multiple regression analysis was performed... 
Molecular Oncology 
The majority of microbes in many environments are considered “as yet uncultured” and were traditionally considered inaccessible for study through the microbiological gold-standard of pure culture. The emergence of metagenomic approaches has allowed researchers to access and study these microbes in a culture-independent manner through next generation sequencing and functional expression of metagenomic DNA in a heterologous host. Metagenomics has revealed an extraordinary degree of diversity and novelty, not only among microbial communities themselves, but also within the genomes of these microbes. Metagenomic analysis can involve sequence-based or functional approaches (or a combination of both). The continuous improvements to next-generation... 
Invasive species are increasingly recognized as key factors in the breakdown of ecosystem function, processes, and services, and loss of native biodiversity. The success of invasive species alters the dynamics of other species in the habitat leading to irreversible changes, ultimately with losses of native biodiversity that can impact the stability and resilience of the ecosystem, possibly by loss of functional traits associated with resource capture and decomposition. Invasive plant species are a global problem and the pace of biological invasions requires better early knowledge about the location of invaded communities, the invasive species responsible and the native composition of... 
The basic protective measure are: Wash your hands frequently Regularly and thoroughly clean your hands with an 
Characterization of giant mottled eel (Anguilla marmorata) gastrointestinal tract that origin from Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam 
Updates on Post-operative Delirium in Lumbar Degenerative Disease 
The Effect of Radiopacifier in Portland Cement for Repairing Furcal Perforations This study was designed to evaluater adiopacity, interface micrographs, and leakage mediated by zirconium oxide (ZO) placed into white Portland cement (PC) as a furcal perforation sealing material. Perforations were created in the floors of pulp chambers in 56 freshly human maxillary and mandibular molars and randomly divided into four experimental groups, each containing 12 teeth, and a negative control group containing 8 teeth. The experimental groups were prepared using 20% ZO plus PC, PC, ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), and 20% bismuth oxideplus PC. First, radiopacity was assessed... 
As the novel 
Author Name: Joel James Category Name: Medical Sciences Description: Importance of Biomedical Research Biomedical research claims high importance in understanding and accelerating the medical research and associated subjects. Considering the importance of human health and several emergency medical and clinical issues associated with it, prime attention towards biomedical research is of great significance. Thus, asserting the requirement of a common and enriched information sharing platform. Biomedical research is such unique platform to collect and disseminate state-of-the-art scientific understanding on biomedicine and related discipline. Scope The objective of the journal is to provide a scientific communication medium to discuss the utmost advancements in... 
Non-Coding RNAs Non-coding RNAs are critical molecules that constitute a substantial amount of the transcriptome. We have witnessed an ever-increasing repository of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in the last decade, especially with the large scale application of high throughput sequencing technologies. These ncRNAs include, but are not limited to, miRNAs, siRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular intronic RNAs (ciRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) originated from back-spliced exons. ncRNAs have been demonstrated to involved in all important biological processes and human diseases. However, our understanding of these ncRNAs are still at the initial stages, especially for newly found ncRNAs such as lncRNAs,... 
Zika Virus Recent outbreaks of Zika virus infections in South and Central America have led to an urgent need for research on the biological mechanisms and consequences of Zika infections. The local transmission of Zika virus has been reported in more than 50 countries and the situation was declared as a public health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organization, especially due to the possible causal link between Zika virus infection during pregnancy and the occurrence of microcephaly and other congenital malformations. In this Research Topic, we encourage the submission of original research reports, methods articles, perspectives, reviews... 
Antimicrobial resistance happens when microorganisms (such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites) change when they are exposed to antimicrobial drugs (such as antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, antimalarials, and anthelmintics). Microorganisms that develop antimicrobial resistance are sometimes referred to as “superbugs”. As a result, the medicines become ineffective and infections persist in the body, increasing the risk of spread to others. Why is antimicrobial resistance a global concern? New resistance mechanisms are emerging and spreading globally, threatening our ability to treat common infectious diseases, resulting in prolonged illness, disability, and death. Without... 
The World health report 2010 estimated that about 20-40% of all health sector resources are wasted and highlighted health care leakages-waste, corruption and fraud-as the ninth leading source of inefficiency of health systems. The health care system of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is currently ranked 9th out of 55 nations assessed by the Bloomberg’s health care efficiency index-the United States of America ranks 50th. However, if efficiency is defined conventionally based on costs to achieve specified outcomes, the UAE health system has efficiency shortcomings in relation to health care costs by its citizens for overseas medical treatment as well... 
Compensation benchmarking is the phenomenon of benchmarking a firm’s executive pay to that of the peer firms. In recent times, the practice of compensation benchmarking has gained a lot of traction. As a result, researchers are increasingly addressing the dynamics of compensation benchmarking among the firms. Compensation benchmarking is the phenomenon of benchmarking a firm’s executive pay to that of the peer firms. In recent times, the practice of compensation benchmarking has gained a lot of traction. As a result, researchers are increasingly addressing the dynamics of compensation benchmarking among the firms. There are two competing potential theories to explain compensation benchmarking.... 
Our 
Novel fact findings in corona virus WHO is gathering the latest scientific findings and knowledge on coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and compiling it in a database. We update the database daily from searches of bibliographic databases, hand searches of the table of contents of relevant journals, and the addition of other relevant scientific articles that come to our attention. The entries in the database may not be exhaustive and new research will be added regularly. During the current scenario, it is important to create more awareness in his field and more researches are needed to educate the people. GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS... 
Shaping Genes, Genomes, Populations and Species Plants have evolved an incredible diversity of strategies to optimize their sexual reproduction. The physical distance between plant male and female organs varies from hermaphroditism to biparental reproduction. The investment of resources in different sexes is also extremely diverse. For example, male gamete dispersal can be wholly aspecific, relying on the mass production of pollen to saturate the environment and maximize the chances to encounter the maximum of receptive females through wind dispersal. On the contrary, it can be explicitly mediated by a single pollinator or targeted to a single female receiver via pollen... 
Journal of Food Nutrition & Health is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that offers pioneering research exploring the association of food and nutrition in promoting healthy living. Journal of Food Nutrition & Health offers scholarly research articles meant to create awareness on the ill effects of malnutrition by underlining the impact of food safety and security. It emphasizes the role of comprehensive diet in building strong immune responses to prevent and fight health disorders. Aims and Scope The journal focuses on a wide spectrum of topics in the fields including; Food, Nutrition, Diet, Vitamins, Minerals, Salts, Fats, Proteins, Carbohydrates, water, Eggs,... 
Journal of Food Nutrition and Health focuses on a wide spectrum of topics in the fields including; Food, Nutrition, Diet, Vitamins, Minerals, Salts, Fats, Proteins, Carbohydrates, water, Eggs, Legumes, Sea Foods, Vegetables, Fruits, Eating Disorders, Healthy Weight Management, Food Safety, Meal Management, Exercise, Physical activity, Malnutrition, Micronutrients, Macronutrients, Nutrition Deficiency, Non-nutritives, Food adjuncts and Drugs. The Journal publishes high-quality original articles, reviews, editorials, and case reports addressing all aspects of food and nutrition. It delivers timely interpretations of key scientific developments in food and nutrition in promoting healthy living and related areas of study. Known personalities with expertise and published... 
Author Name: Joel James Category Name: Medical Sciences Description: Why We Need Biomedical Research Biomedical research is the broad area of science that looks for ways to prevent and treat diseases that cause illness and death in people and in animals. This general field of research includes many areas of both the life and physical sciences. Utilizing biotechnology techniques, biomedical researchers study biological processes and diseases with the ultimate goal of developing effective treatments and cures. Biomedical research is an evolutionary process requiring careful experimentation by many scientists, including biologists and chemists. Discovery of new medicines and therapies requires careful scientific... 
Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine and Therapeutics is committed to dispersing unique and top-level original research articles, letters, perspectives, opinions, commentaries, case reports, reviews, letter to editor, editorials, and short communications etc. in every aspect of cardiovascular medicine. Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine and Therapeutics is using online Review and Editorial Manager System for quality review process of allied academies. Editorial Manager System is an online submission and review system, where authors can submit manuscripts and track their progress. Reviewers can download manuscripts and submit their opinions. Editors can manage the whole submission/review/revise/publish process. Publishers can see the manuscripts which are in... 
Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine and Therapeutics is committed to dispersing unique and top-level original research articles, letters, perspectives, opinions, commentaries, case reports, reviews, letter to editor, editorials, and short communications etc. in every aspect of cardiovascular medicine. The segment Cardiovascular Therapeutics is additionally concerned with the identification and validation of biomarkers to either help drug improvement, or permit a stratified medicine approach in patients. Biomarkers may identify with physiological measures,heredity qualities, or any of the developing advancements. Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine and Therapeutics is a peer reviewed, scholarly journal that gives a gathering to the most developed research and... 
Differences in quality attributes of sand smelt (Atherina hepsetus) fish burger and finger during frozen storage The present investigation has been carried out with the objectives study the effect of frozen storage on quality attributes of fish burger and fingers were made from sand smelt (bassaria) (Atherina hepsetus) with substitution levels from soybean flour and minced potato. Sand smelt has found in Qarun Lake by unaccepted from consumers. The physicochemical and microbiological analysis was carried on raw products immediately after processing and during frozen storage.Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen (TVBN), Trimethylamine (TMA), Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA) and pH values of sand smelt... 
Impacts of Moringa oleifera leaves and Lannea barteri bark as growth promoting additives and survival rates in the diets of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings 
The 
Cervical cancer happens when cells change in a woman’s cervix, which connects her uterus with her vagina. This cancer can affect the deeper tissues of her cervix and may spread to other parts of her body (metastasize), often the lungs, liver, bladder, vagina, and rectum. Most cases of cervical cancer are caused by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), which is preventable with a vaccine. Cervical cancer grows slowly, so there’s usually time to find and treat it before it causes serious problems. It kills fewer and fewer women each year, thanks to improved screening through Pap tests. Cervical Cancer Causes... 
Invertebrates, as all other animals, rely on sensory input from their biotic and abiotic environment for survival and reproduction. Depending on the importance of a signal for a given species, accuracy of sensory coding might vary from pure detection up to precise coding of intensity, quality and temporal features of the signal. Investing energy in highly sophisticated sense organs and related central nervous processing areas can be of utmost importance in a complex environment and in animals using advanced communication systems. Peripheral and central sensory systems have therefore developed different anatomical and physiological features to optimally encode behaviourally relevant signals.... 
Cephalopod mollusks and decapod crustaceans are believed to the most developed and intelligent invertebrates and may be sentient animals. They are legally protected by a number of national and trans-national organizations, such as the European Union. In the proposed research topic we would start by attempting to define sentience/consciousness, probably in relation to what we understand in marine vertebrates, which may be very different from that in land-based forms. Given that many mollusks, including cephalopods, and crustaceans are model animals in neuroscience and species of interest for aquaculture, definitions and mechanisms of action of anesthetics and analgesics acquire an added... 
Investigation on Learning and Memory Enhancing activity of Essential Oil inAlbizia julibrissin Flowers in Experimental Mice 
Antidepressant and Skeletal Muscle Relaxant Activity of Methanolic Extracts of Basella alba. L 
Since 31 December 2019 and as of 28 March 2020, 5, 28, 025 cases of 
Acute pain has a physiological protective role in preventing tissue damage. However, pain can become chronic due to a multitude of pathophysiological states, such as: trauma, inflammation, neural injury, viral infection, cancer, autoimmune diseases and vascular and metabolic disorders. These pathological states can trigger alterations of the pain pathways that can lead to hypersensitivity, and in such circumstances, pain loses its protective role and instead, becomes persistent and debilitating affecting seriously to the quality of life of patients. Chronic pain is one of the most important health problems worldwide. It has been estimated that 10% of adults are diagnosed... 
Pain is a frequent symptom in leprosy patients. It may be predominantly nociceptive, as in neuritis, or neuropathic, due to injury or nerve dysfunction. The differential diagnosis of these two forms of pain is a challenge in clinical practice, especially because it is quite common for a patient to suffer from both types of pain. A better understanding of cytokine profile may serve as a tool in assessing patients and also help to comprehend pathophysiology of leprosy pain. Patients with leprosy and neural pain (n = 22), neuropathic pain (n = 18), neuritis (nociceptive pain) (n = 4), or no... 
People with an intellectual disability experience both acute and chronic pain with at least the same frequency as the general population. However, considerably less is known about the pain perception of people with Down syndrome. In this review paper, we evaluated the available clinical and experimental evidence. Some experimental studies of acute pain have indicated that pain threshold was higher than normal but only when using a reaction time method to measure pain sensitivity. However, when reaction time is not part of the calculation of the pain threshold, pain sensitivity in people with Down syndrome is in fact lowering than... 
Around 75% of cases of 
Cancer occurs when changes called mutations take place in genes that regulate cell growth. The mutations let the cells divide and multiply in an uncontrolled way. Breast cancer is cancer that develops from breast tissue. Typically, the cancer forms in either the lobules or the ducts of the breast. Lobules are the glands that produce milk, and ducts are the pathways that bring the milk from the glands to the nipple. Cancer can also occur in the fatty tissue or the fibrous connective tissue within your breast. The uncontrolled cancer cells often invade other healthy breast tissue and can travel...